Domestic violence, also referred to as intimate partner violence (IPV), involves abusive behaviors by a current or former spouse or partner. While physical abuse—such as hitting, slapping, or chokingis the most visible form, domestic violence also includes verbal threats, emotional manipulation, economic control, and sexual coercion.
The Scope of the Problem
According to the World Health Organization, about 1 in 3 women globally have experienced physical or sexual violence by an intimate partner in their lifetime. Men are also victims, though they often face additional societal stigma and underreporting.
In India, the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) reported that over 30% of women have experienced spousal violence. These numbers reflect only reported cases, indicating that the actual figures may be much higher due to silence, fear, and social stigma.
Signs of Domestic Abuse
Domestic violence often begins subtly and escalates over time. Common warning signs include:
Extreme jealousy or possessiveness
Constant criticism or humiliation
Controlling behavior (e.g., monitoring phone calls, finances)
Threats of harm to the victim or loved ones
Physical injuries with vague or inconsistent explanations
Victims may feel trapped, ashamed, or afraid to seek help, particularly if children, financial dependency, or cultural pressures are involved.
Causes and Contributing Factors
While domestic violence stems from the desire to control, several factors can contribute to abusive behavior:
Cultural norms that tolerate or justify violence
Alcohol and drug abuse, which can exacerbate aggression
History of abuse in the abuser’s or victim’s upbringing
Mental health issues, such as depression or personality disorders
Lack of education and awareness, especially in rural or marginalized communities
It’s important to note that while these may be contributing factors, they do not excuse or justify abusive behavior.
Impact on Victims
The consequences of domestic violence are severe and long-lasting:
Physical injuries, some leading to permanent disability
Mental health issues like anxiety, depression, PTSD, and suicidal thoughts
Social isolation, as victims may withdraw from friends and family
Economic hardship, particularly when abusers control finances or prevent victims from working
Intergenerational trauma, where children who witness abuse are more likely to become victims or perpetrators in adulthood
.